In the Netherlands, the Bouwcentrum of International Education in Rotterdam paved the way to a new approach.
A source of inspiration was Krisno Nimpuno’s ’Sewage disposal in Developing Countries’ : The report addresses the challenge of excreta disposal in the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and discusses criteria especially relevant to the LDCs. Prominent among the motives behind this effort is the doubt about the justification of the use of water in sewage disposal. It is not only because of the wastefulness of using a precious commodity for transport, but also because of the insufficient environmental effect of these systems. The combination of a superficial treatment of sewage and irregular pressure level in the water supply system as exists in most cities in the LDCs lead inevitably to a regular and dangerous combination. The report contributed to a renewed debate on urban infrastructures and promotes
alternative systems which are not only safer but also more economical than the
systems developed in the rich world.