In the Netherlands the Bouwcentrum of International Education in Rotterdam paved the way to a new approach.
A source of inspiration was Krisno Nimpuno’s ’Sewage disposal in Developing Countries’ : The report addresses the challenge of excreta disposal in the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and discusses criteria especially relevant to the LDCs. Prominent among the motives behind this effort is the doubt about the justification of the use of water in sewage disposal. It is not only because of the wastefulness of using a precious commodity for transport, but also because the wastewater treatment plants often perform badly. The discharge of poorly treated sewage effluent in combination with irregular pressure levels in the water supply system as exists in most cities in the LDCs leads inevitably to a dangerous situation. The report contributed to a renewed debate on urban infrastructures and promoted alternative systems which are not only safer but also more economical than the systems developed in other parts of the world. Today (2024) the Bouwcentrum of International Education still exists as the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies as part of the Erasmus University of Rotterdam.